Introduction to the JavaScript If Statement

The JavaScript if statement performs an action based on a condition, a common scenario in all programming languages.The if statement tests a bit of data against a condition, and then specifies some code to be executed if the condition is true, like so: if condition {execute this code} The if statement is almost always paired with the else statement because usually, you want to define an alternative bit of code to execute. Lets consider an example: if (Stephen name) {message Welcome back Stephen;} else {message Welcome name;} This code returns Welcome back Stephen if name is equal to Stephen; otherwise, it returns Welcome and then whatever value the variable name contains. A Shorter IF Statement JavaScript provides us with an alternative way of writing an if statement when both the true and false conditions  just assign different values to the same variable. This shorter way omits the keyword if as well as the braces around the blocks (which are optional for single statements). We also move the value that we are setting in both the true and false conditions to the front of our single statement and embed this new style of if statement into the statement itself.   Heres how this looks: variable (condition) ? true-value : false-value; So our if statement from above could be written all in one line as: message (Stephen name) ? Welcome back Stephen : Welcome name; As far as JavaScript is concerned, this one statement is identical to the longer code from above. The only difference is that writing the statement this way actually provides JavaScript with more information about what the if statement is doing. The code can run more efficiently than if we wrote it the longer and more readable way. This is also called a ternary operator. Assigning Multiple Values to a Single Variable This way of coding an if statement can help avoid verbose code, particularly in nested if statements. For example, consider this set of nested if/else statements: var answer;if (a b) {if (a c) {answer all are equal;} else {answer a and b are equal;}} else {if (a c) {answer a and c are equal;} else {if (b c) {answer b and c are equal;} else {answer all are different;}}} This code assigns one of five possible values to a single variable. Using this alternative notation, we can considerably shorten this into just one statement that incorporates all of the conditions: var answer (a b) ? ((a c) ? all are equal :a and b are equal) : (a c) ? a and c are equal : (b c) ?b and c are equal : all are different; Note that this notation can be used only when all the different conditions being tested are assigning different values to the same variable.

Essay on The Hypodermic-Syringe Model - 815 Words

The Hypodermic-Syringe Model The hypodermic syringe model suggest that the media is alike a magic bullet and when an audience is targeted it will immediately be knocked down when they are hit. The hypodermic-syringe model also suggests that society is passive and the media â€Å"inject† their media influence into society and manipulates it. The Frankfurt school envisioned the media as a hypodermic syringe, and the contents of the media were injected into the thoughts of the audience, who accepted the attitudes, opinions and beliefs expressed by the media without question. This model was a response to the German fascist’s use of film and radio for propaganda, and later applied to American capitalist society. The followers of the hypodermic†¦show more content†¦Theorists since have thought that media could not have such direct effects on the audiences they serve, and consider the media as a comparatively weak influence in molding individual beliefs, opinions and attitudes. Other factors pres ent in society, such as personal contact and religion, are more likely to influence people. The Effects model is considered to be an inadequate representation of the communication between media and the public, as it does not take into account the audience as individuals with their own beliefs, opinions, ideals and attitudes: Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written; members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are. (Abercrombie 1996, 140) Supporters of the Effects model assume the audience is passive in the receiving and interpretation of media texts. Great emphasis is placed on the text itself and its power to directly influence the audience. Meanings in the text are readily available and easy to find. The impossibility to measure media effects is as a result of not being able to isolate the media from all the other potential influences at work in society. This leads to the Effects model generally being disregarded when considering the audiences response to the media. A new approach to the dynamics of audience/text relationship was suggested in the Uses and Gratification model. In this model, theorists were not asking how theShow MoreRelatedHypodermic Syringe Model1453 Words   |  6 PagesUsing material from Item A and elsewhere, assess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe Model of the Mass Media (33 marks) The Hypodermic Syringe Model suggests that the media are strong and the audience is weak and passive. This means that the messages the media portrays, society will instantly believe without questioning the ideas and morals behind this. The model suggests that children are more susceptible to the messages in the media and accept the information provided as they have not fullyRead MoreAssess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe model of the mass media1847 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Mass Media (Q) Assess the usefulness of the Hypodermic Syringe model of the mass media. The hypodermic Syringe Model (HSM) is an early theory model, which believes that there is a direct correlation between the violence and anti-social behaviour portrayed in different media types (e.g. Television, computer games and films). Sociologists found that the most venerable audience to the HSM are children and teenagers. this is because they are still in the early stages of socialization so are thereforeRead MoreExploring Why the Mass Media May Exert Only a Limited Influence Over the Audience1307 Words   |  6 Pagesfunction in most people’s lives and consequently has been blamed fir crime, abortion and the corruption of morals in society. I will attempt to evaluate to what extent the media exerts influence over their audiences by examining the media models. I believe that this is an important issue to consider as the media continues to centre the lives of many difference social groups as on a daily basis, television; radio and newspapers are widely viewed by all types of people all overRead MoreDiscussion of the View that Violence on Screen Can Cause Violence in Society746 Words   |  3 Pagesdisprove the hypothesis that violence in the media can cause violence in society and as a result many theories have been formed. A theory that supports this hypothesis is the Hypodermic syringe model developed by Vance Packard in 1957 and a reflection of the popular belief at the era. The hypodermic syringe model sees the audience as a homogenous mass without any background experiences and therefore immediately affected by what they see in the media. Even though this view isRead MoreHypodermic Needle Theory1128 Words   |  5 Pages Maria Fidela Diosa S. Romana University of the Philippines, Diliman Abstract This paper discusses the Hypodermic Needle Theory – its history, key concepts and criticism. As the theory suggests direct and immediate effect of mass media to its audience, a social phenomenon called ‘copycat crimes’ is analyzed through its lens. The criticisms and ambiguities of the hypodermic needle theory are used to formulate a new theory believed to be more applicable and accurate to social issues andRead MoreMedicl Prduct Company8065 Words   |  33 Pagesus, and it appears that we finally have a chance to resolve, once and for all, some of the issues our European organization has been struggling with over at least the last six years. The recent acceleration in the projected growth rate for our hypodermic and diabetic products makes it possible to discuss possible changes without having to worry about consolidating plants or making substantial reductions in personnel at any plant. We now operate within an organizational structure that allows usRead Morethe effect of mass media3481 Words   |  14 Pageszero models in magazines and eating disorders. Norris (1996), claims that media coverage of political issues can influence voting behaviour. Some early Marxist commentators, particularly those belonging to the Frankfurt School, such asMarcuse (1964), believed that the media transmitted a mass culture which was directly injected into the hearts and minds of the population making them more vulnerable to ruling class propaganda. The hypodermic model of media violence The hypodermic syringe approachRead MoreSociology Essay: â€Å"How Far Would Sociologists Agree That the Media Causes Eating Disorders in Women?898 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome skinny start to diet which eventually leads to serious eating disorders. An example of this is a model that died due to the severity of her eating disorder, anorexia. Isabelle Caro, a 28 year old French model died due to suffering from a respiratory disease which was initially caused by anorexia. This suggests that the media causes eating disorders in women as Isabelle was a catwalk model and in order to be popular on the catwalk she stopped eating which shows that if the media didn’t portrayRead MoreMedia Simply Reflects and Reinforces Existing Social Values Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the impact on the public. This includes the hypodermic effect theory, also known as the behaviourist approach, which sees the mass media as not just an influence on society but as being able to directly affect us with a metaphorical, powerful syringe full of messages directly into the mind. Based on the theory that behaviour is learnt through rewards and punishment, the notion here is that the media could provide a model of behaviour which could influence people by showingRead MoreTheodor Adorno s Influence On Popular Music2850 Words   |  12 Pagesserious music. Adorno believed that the notion of standardization that was in popular music acted as way to â€Å"opium of the people† [9] acting through the ways that standardized music is distributed. This happens through a process known as hypodermic-syringe model, â€Å"this model suggests that the audience passively accepts the message ‘injected’ into them by the mass media.† {10] The listeners consume popular music unknowingly and unwillingly. â€Å"Standardization of song hits keeps the consumers in line by doing

Crop Circles Essay Example For Students

Crop Circles Essay Crop Circles have been found throughout the whole country. Theyare one of the most intriguing things that I have read and researched. Therehave also been many shows that I have watched that have been very interesting. The first recent evidence of a crop circle was in 1966 in Tully England. The circles themselves ranged from a few inches in diameter to a few feet. There is also evidence of a crop circle in Hertfordshire, England in 1678. There have been many theories as to why these peculiar circular shapeshave appeared in peoples crops. These theories include UFOs, energy fields,and also plasma vortexes(sine 1). There is no evidence as to how these patternsare formed. There is evidence that there is an electric field aroound someof these circles. One theory is that electrified air forms mini-tornadoesand causes the circles. This is called the Plasma Vortex Theory(Sine 1). Another theory that is very prominent is that all of these circles are hoaxesand were made by people to recieve publicity. Hoaxes are blamed for many ofthe circles especially the ones that are more complex. There have been peopleto admit to man making some of these circles. Two people who have admittedto this are Doug Bower and David Chorley(Sine 1). They admitted to fakingaround two hundred fifty cirle formations. Many of the circles that were admittedhoaxes were under suspicion because of there ragged look. Also some of themore complex and intricat ones are thought to be fakes. The amount of thesecircles is proof in itself and the fact that they are spread throughout theworld is also proof that it is not all a hoax. The most interesting theoryis that UFOs made the circles(sine2). there have been sightings of UFOsand circles have been at the sight the next morning. There also has been sightingdsof balls of light over the fields at night that have left these circles onthe ground. When some of these circles have appeared a sceaming(Sine 1)noise was heard in the night along with strange nocturnal lights. Sometimein the 1970s circles appeared on the farm of a guy anmed Billy Meiers farm. This person also had claimed to have been abducted by aliens in the past. The grass was flat but not broken just bent over. Even stranger afterwardsthe grass continued to grow in swirled pattern. There is also a video ofmiliatary helicopter flying hovering over a ball of light over top of anewlyformed crop circle. Hte government claims the helicopter was on maneuvers. These balls of light were also seen following fighter planes into battle duringWorld War II . The British Government has an extereme interst in these ballsof light(Sine 2). BibliographySine,Cory. Aufora Special Report. http://ume.ucalgary.ca/aufora/journals/spring/06.html(19 Jan 1997). Sine,Cory. Aufora Crop Circles. http://ume.med.ucalgary.ca/watanabe/info/crop.html(19 Jan 1997). Sine,Cory. pics. http:/www.aufora.org/pics/crop.html (19Jan 1997)

Organizational Communication Theory

The organizational communication theory dates as far back as the 1900s. During different eras, different perspectives of the organisation communication theory were examined by scholars. These perspectives are important because they allow us to understand the organizational culture better.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, such perspectives also have their own challenges. Most of the scholars have sought to speak in general terms, leading to ubiquitous and thick communication concepts. In an effort to overcome such challenges, scholars in this filed have now decided to view the process of communication as cultural â€Å"performances†. The organizational communication theory consists of major milestones tracing as far back as the 1900s. Between 1900 and 1930, the classical perspective of the organizational communication the ory was very popular. Examples include the scientific management approach as popularized Fredrick Taylor and Max Weber’s bureaucracy approach. These approaches viewed communication as a tool of management for not only command workers, but also to control them. Emphasis was on maintenance and production. Between 1930s and 1965, the human relationships and resources approach gained popularity. The approach demands that organizations focus more on democratic values (Ashcroft, n. d.). Also, the concept assumed that informal communication is inevitable as it influences employee satisfaction. From 1960 to 1980, scholars studied the organization as an open system. Communication in the open system was viewed as constitutive and ongoing. From 1980 to 1985, the cultural perspective emerged. One of the general arguments of this perspective is that organizations possess shared practices and values (a culture) and this allows it to interpret the environment. Examples of this perspective a re the corporate culture, cultural symbolism and performance. Proponents of this perspective viewed the organization as a continuous activity that enables organizations to create, maintain, and transform realities (Ashcroft, n. d.). From 1985 onwards, the critical perspective of the organizational communication theory gained supremacy. This particular perspective held the general assumption that organizations are political and hence, promote dominant interests. Examples of this perspective include Stanley Deetz’s corporate colonization and the feminist perspective. This perspective views communication as a process of social change and systematic distortion. Scholars recognized the importance of systems theory in the study of organizational communication as early as the late 60s. The systems theory recognizes the central role played by communication within the organization (Ashcroft, n. d.). What this means is that organizations are not defined by a typical cause-and-effect re lationship. If at all we wish to get the true value of organizational functioning, then we need to see organizations as complex entities.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The systems theory also brings into focus the thoughts that we hold about both communication and organizations. The system theory has also enabled us to understand communication performances and organization cultures better. The focus of many scholars on organizational culture is fraught with a weakness, in that many of these scholars stress on certain structural aspects of culture, with little regard about how such aspects manifest themselves in the daily interactions with members of an organization (Denison Mishra, 1995). Such a position is not an attempt to disregard the importance attached to stories, symbols, ideologies, sagas, or metaphors. On the other hand, if culture is made up of, in the words of Goffman, â€Å"webs of significance that man himself has spun,† (Goffman, 1959), there is need therefore to take a lot of interest in not just the process of spinning the webs of culture, but also the actual structures of the cultural webs. It is important to try and understand how these stories, symbols, ideologies, sagas, and metaphors came into being in the first place. An easier answer to the above question would be that cultural structures are as a result of the processes of communication. However, such an answer is fraught with problems. This is because we could end up providing a generalized process of communication and in the process depicts images of a discourse without a starting point or an end. In addition, speaking in generalized processes of communication results in ubiquitous and thick concepts of communication to the extent it becomes hard to access it analytically. In addition, we would also end up with a communication process that has no meaning (Miller, 2008). In an effort to overcome such a difficulty, researchers in the field of organizational culture now views communication in organizations as more of cultural â€Å"performances†, more than anything else. There are two divergent connotations tied to the notion of â€Å"performance† (Paganowsky Trujilla, 1982), nonetheless, both of these two connotations are valid in as far as considerations of organization communication are concerned. Erving Goffmann helped to popularize the first idea of performance, suggest play-acting and theoreticality (Goffmann, 1959). Such an idea of performance indicates that certain organizational performances tend to be overdone. In addition, the notion also suggests that all organizational ought to be treated as displays of perceptions and role-distancing of organisationally-required masks. There is also a second idea of performance that paves way for a deeper understanding of the term- the ability to â€Å"accomplish† or â€Å"b ringing to completion†. In this regard organizational performances are treated as the most creative activities because they help bring meaning of significance of certain structural form-be it metaphor, symbol, ideology, saga, or story- into being.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Communication Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most scholars have only provided general arguments about how cultural structures are sustained via processes of communication. Scholars of the organizational communication theory are concerned about the recent developments in this area (Nimmo, 1979, p. 309). The lack of acceptable scientific theory in the field of organizational communication has also been documented. Majority of â€Å"theories in organizational communication â€Å"are in fact encryptions of certain ideologies. Perhaps the question that we need to ask ourselves is the kind of theories we need to take into account when examining organizational communication. Owing to the ubiquitous and omnipresent nature of human communication, we can then expect to encounter insurmountable difficulties in the quest to come up with a â€Å"grand theory of human communication† (Denison, Mishra, 1995). What we need is not a single theory to define organizational communication, but comprehensive theoretical perspectives that finds application in various communication phenomena. That organisation communication is in a state of identity crisis is also not in doubt. Presently, ideas of organizational culture seem to dwell on structural and static features of culture. Time and again, researchers appear satisfied with documenting the available literature on cultural communication as paying close attention to such cultural aspects as stories, organizational jargon, strategic knowledge, and ideologies (Paganowsky Trujilla, 1982). Although this focus is quite valuable, nonetheless, it fails t o take into account the cultural processes responsible for the creation, maintenance, as well as the transformation of these structures. Qualitative methodologies contained in the research by organizational scholars reveal that these scholars appreciate the fact that each organization is unique in its own way. This is an element of organizational culture. Very few if any researchers have succeeded in providing a full-scale assessment of the concept of organizational culture. As such, much of the work done on organizational cultures has assumed a conceptual perspective (Paganowsky Trujilla, 1982). Many scholars have endeavoured to identify the various elements of organizational culture in an attempt to create a hypothetical base for an in-depth analysis of organizational cultures. For example, Wilkins is more concerned with organizational stories, Dandridge has dwelt on organizational symbols, Meyers has dealt with organizational ideologies, while Koch and Deetz have focused on orga nizational metaphors.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organizational communication theory is an old concept, dating as far back as the 1900s. It has been characterized by varying perspectives over the years as scholars tries to understand the culture of an organization better. For example, Max Weber’s bureaucracy approach regarded communication as a tool of management to command and control workers. On the other hand, the systems theory which became popular in the 1960s recognised the central role played by communication within the organization. The perspective also enabled researchers to see the organization not just as an open system, but also as a complicated perspective. It focuses on thoughts about communication and organizations. Very few scholars have managed to give a vivid description of how communication within an organization can be sustained by cultural structures. In fact, many of the organisation communication theories are no theories per se, but are encryptions of certain ideologies. Nonetheless, evidence avai lable in literature sow that scholars appreciates the uniqueness of organizations. There is also no documented full-scale assessment of the organisation cultural concept. Consequently, most of the work available is conceptual in nature. Reference List Ashcroft, K. (n. d. ). Key theories of organizational communication. Web. Denison, D. R., Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organizational science, 6(2): 204 – 223. Goffmann, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Garden City, NY: Anchor Doubleday. Miller, K. (2008). Organizational communication: approaches and processes. Stamford Mass: Cengage Learning. Nimmo, D. (1979). Communication Yearbook 3. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Paganowsky, M. E., Trujilla, N. O. (1982). Organizational communication as cultural  performance. Louisville, KY: Cengage Learning. This essay on Organizational Communication Theory was written and submitted by user Mikayla Cline to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.